Tổng hợp bài tập ôn hè môn Tiếng Anh lớp 8 lên lớp 9 Bài tập tiếng Anh lớp 8

Các dạng bài tập ôn hè tiếng Anh lớp 8 lên 9 năm 2024 – 2025 được biên soạn rất chi tiết gồm 19 trang tổng hợp các dạng bài tập trọng tâm cần ôn luyện.

Bài tập ôn hè tiếng Anh lớp 8 lên 9 là tài liệu rất cần thiết cho giáo viên và học sinh trong quá trình ôn tập hè phục vụ học tốt kiến thức tiếng Anh. Tài liệu bao gồm các dạng bài trọng tâm bám sát chương trình sách giáo khoa giúp các em học sinh rèn luyện kỹ năng làm bài tự mình đánh giá được năng lực bản thân để bứt phá năng lực trong năm học mới. Bài tập ôn hè tiếng Anh 8 còn có một số câu hỏi khó dành cho học sinh khá giỏi, giúp các em thêm hứng thú trong học tập. Ngoài ra các bạn xem thêm Bài tập ôn hè môn Hóa học lớp 8.

Các dạng bài tập ôn hè tiếng Anh lớp 8 lên 9

I. Change the following sentences into passive voice.

1. Mr Tuan delivered the speech yesterday.

2. Turn off the computer at night.

3. I clean the floor everyday.

4. My mother bought this dress this morning.

5. She did this exercise two days ago.

6. They send him abroad to study chemistry.

7. Nobody has used this room for a long time .

8. Someone has stolen my bike.

9. He has just received a letter from his parents.

10. She will buy this house.

11. They are building my house.

12. Lan was making my new dress at this time yesterday.

II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tense.

1. She (come) …………………………………… to France 2 years ago.

2. I (just send) …………………………………………. the letter.

3. He (work)……………………………………. for that company for 5 years.

4. I (graduate)……………………………… from Hue University last year.

5. Tom (play )……………………………….. football every afternoon.

6. I (cook) ………………………………… in the kitchen when he came in

7. Mai (attend) ……………………………… a meeting at the moment.

8. (help) …………………………… him whenever he needs.

9. Mary (find) ……………. a five – pound note while she (walk) …………………to school yesterday.

10. I (just finish) ………………… reading War and Peace .It’s a brilliant book.

11. I (not be) …………………… at work tomorrow ,I’m taking the day off.

12. How long …………… you (be ) …….. a nurse, Mss Lan? For 5 years.

13. While Peter (drive) ………………….. home late last night he (run) …………………. out off the petrol.

15. She always (get) ……………………… up early to study her lessons.

16. Nylon (invent) ………….. in early 1930s by an American chemist, Julian Hill. Other scientists (work) ……….. with his invention and finally on 27 Octorber 1938, nylon (introduce)……………… to the world .It was cheap and strong and immediately (become) …………….. successful, especial in making old ladies’ stockings. During the Second World War , it (use) …………….. to make parachutes and tyres.

Today, nylon (find) ……………….. in many things: carpets, ropes, seat bells, furniture, computers and event space parts for the human body. It ( play ) ……………… an important part in our lives for over 50 years. Next year, about 2.6 million tons of nylon (manufacture) ……………

III. Make complete sentences using the given cues.

1. you / send / letter / yet ?

2. Nile / longest / river / in / world

3. Hoa / salary / high / than / Tom/s

4. He / work / hard / order/ pass / exam

5. Early this morning / children / decide / go / a run

6. Sydney opera / complete / 1973.

7. The road / join / two villages / be / narrow.

8. It / not difficult / translate / this sentence/ English

9. You / mind / lend / me / dictionary ?

10. New bicycle /make / Japan / be / expensive.

11. you / see / film / Jurassic Park / yet ?

12. The Mekong river / long / the Red river

13. Ba / interlligent / Nam

14. Sears Tower / short/ PETRONAS Twin Towers

15. Mexico city / big / in the world

16.Ba / good / in our class.

IV. Put the following verbs into the correct form- Ving or To- Inf.

17. She told me how (make )………………….. the cake.

18. The man (stand) ……………………. near the door is my brother.

19. Do you mind (tell) ………………………. me her address ?

20. My father decided (go) ……………………… abroad

21.Could you please tellme where (buy) …………… this book?

22. It’s difficult (do) …………… this project?

V. Fill in the blank with a suitable word.

1. She was cooking …………… the phone rang.

2. Would you mind …………… I smoked here?

3. Mary used …………… be a good student.

4. Yesterday was …………… hottest day during this month.

5. I sat in the first row so …………… to clearly hear his lecture.

6. she asked me when …………… depart.

VI. Complete the paragraph with the words from the box

than for manufacturers copying part cheaper

Many people buy and use copied programs ……… their computer. This illegal ……… of computer software has become a huge industry because the software is much…………… than the original programs . Illegal solfware can be found on sale in any ….……… of the world, although it is more readily available in Asia ………… in Western countries. Software ….……… have been trying to get goverments to stop this copying or “pirating ”.

VII. Read the paragraph and answer the questions.

An increasing number of people are now going on holiday to Egypt. Last year, for example, about one and a half million tourists visited Egypt. The population of Egypt is about fifty million and the capital is El Qahira (Cairo), a busy city of just under nine million people. Although the climate is hot and dry and most of the country is desert, the average temperature from Octobor to March is not too high. The most famous sights are the pyramids at Giza.

1. Are there many visitors to Egypt every year ?

2. What is the climate in Egypt like ?

3. What are the famous sights in egypt ?

VIII. Choose the correct word(s) to complete the sentences.

1. Would you mind (close / to close/ closing) the window?

2. The ambulance will be there (in / at / for) about 10 munites

3. We collect empty cans and bottles (in order to / so that / for) recycling.

4. John is interested ( in /on / at ) the history of Vietnam.

5. The boy ( to read / reading / read ) the book is Ba .

6. She hasn’t finished the letter ………… (already / just / yet / never)

7. Lan’s studying hard ……. pass the final exam ( for / in order to so to , as to )

8. It’s too cold outside. Would you mind……. the window ? ( to close, close, closing, closed )

9. I am happy ……. all the exam (passing, pass, passed, to pass)

10 The teacher ….. to the principal is my English teacher. (talks, is talking, talking, to talk)

11. The bike ….. in Japan is USA$ 100. (making, made, is making, to make )

12. We …dinner when the phone rang. (are having, had, have had, were having )

13. I was having dinner ( when / while / as ) my mother was cleaning the floor.

14. We are (delight/ delighting / delighted ) that you pass your final examation.

15. Would you like ( go/ to go / going ) to the cinema tonight ?

16. Thanks ( for / to / at ) inviting me to the festival.

17. Football is (play/ playing / played ) all over the world.

18. Mai asked Hoa ( whether / to / about ) she came to Hoi An.

IX . Put the words in brackets into the correct forms.

1. All the …………………………. in the debate had a chance to speak. (PARTI CIPATE)

2. He is the only ……………………. that has not run this race before. (COMPLETE)

3. Laszlo Biro was…………..………. the pen- point pen. (INVENTION)

4. The ……………………of Christmas tree is indispensable at Christmas. (DECORATE)

5. The main problem is ________ prices. Things are getting much too expensive. (rise)

6. Our father’s company sells only __________ goods. (import)

7. “ You look __________ when you see me.” – “ Yes, I think you are in China.” (surprise)

8. He finds housekeeping a ___________ task. (bore)

9. Mary appeared with a ___________ smile. (please)

10. Mr Smith seems quite ___________ with his new job. (satisfy)

X. Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the same.

1. The window which was broken in the storm last night has now been repaired

The window…………………………………………….

2. “Do many tourists visit My Son every year?” Nam asked Lan

Nam asked Lan…………………………………………….

3. The French civil Alexandra Gustarve designed and built Eiffel Tower in 1889

Eiffel Tower…………………………………………….

4 Could you send this letter for me ?

Do you mind…………………………………………….

5. We learn English because we want to read English books.

In order to…………………………………………….

6. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.

I…………………………………………….

7. Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.

Janet…………………………………………….

8. Nobody told me that George was ill.

I wasn’t…………………………………………….

9. How much will they pay you?

How much will you……………………………………….

10. I think they should offer Tom the job.

I think Tom…………………………………………….

11. Has anybody shown you what to do?

Have you…………………………………………….

12. The sister asked : “Are you hungry, Tom?”

The sister asked…………………………………………….

13. “how do you go to school?” the old woman asked me.

The old woman asked me…………………………………

14. This is a machine which is used to wash clothes.

This is a…………………………………………….

15. She invites me to the party.

I………………………………………………..

16. I started playing the piano two years ago.

I have…………………………………………….

17. “I sometimes work on Sundays.” Huong said.

Huong said…………………………………………….

18.They told him to stay home for three days.

He was…………………………………………….

XI. Complete each sentence with a correct preposition

1. Can I help you …………. your bag, Lan ?

2. We are looking forward …….. seeing you ………….June.

3. Today we went …………. an eight- hour tour.

4. When I arrived ……………. school, it began to rain.

XII. Choose the words or phrases that are not correct in Standard English.

16. He wokes up and finded himself in the hospital.

17. On Christmas, neighborhoods are beautiful with many bright Christmas lights

18. When he told me the price, I nearly died for shock.

19. It’s a traditional to sing ‘Auld Lang Syne’ on New Year’s Eve.

20. Many people wisdom stayed at home in the bad weather.

21. She ate all the chocolates – there are no in the box.

22. The company is losting money all the time.

23. He was terribly exciting about his holiday.

24. Minh falls asleep now because of he stayed up too late last night.

XIII. Find the word in each group that has the underlined letters pronounced differently from others.

1. A. Weather B. Tennis C. Often D. Red

2. A. Mice B. Silly C. English D. Guilty

3. A. Sock B. Sew C. Sure D. Seem

4. A. Cheat B. child C. Cheap D. Chief

5. A. Mechanic B. Chemistry C. Chicken D. Architect

6. A. Holiday B. Out C. Ground D. Now

7. A. Chair B. Beer C. Care D. Pear

8. A. Thaw B. Thing C. Three D. The

9. A. About B. Blood C. Funny D. Enough

10. A. Heart B. Work C. Learn D. Journey

11. A. Measure B. Vision C. Pleasure D. Mission

12. A. Kitchen B. Machine C. Chin D. Church

13. A. Ease B. Eye C. Rise D. Size

14. A. Hand B. Harm C. Hat D. Habit

15. A. Boat B. Vote C. Vocal D. Volunteer

16. A. Wheel B. Leather C. Meat D. Leader

17. A. Receive B. Arrive C. Five D. Write

18. A. Reason B. Great C. Green D. Bead

19. A. Handsome B. Insurance C. Nice D. Sum

20. A. Key B. Field C. People D. Say

21. A. Southern B. Soul C. Home D. Coast

22. A. Horse B. artist C. Daughter D. Warm

XIV. Complete the sentences with the passive form of the verbs from the box.

make/ grind/ store/ remove/ touch/ drain/ use/ invent

1. The zipper ________ by W.L. Judson in 1839.

2. Coffee beans ________ usually _______ into powder.

3. Look! Your bureau _______ to another site.

4. Wine _______ from grapes.

5. The computer ________ since 1946.

6. This is the storehouse where the cocoa beans ________.

7. All the oil ________ from the engine by the mechanic half an hour ago.

8. Children, that button cannot _______! It’s very dangerous.

XV. Change the sentences into passive voice.

1. Alexander Brain invented the facsimile in 1834.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. They dry the beans in the sun.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. People can make payment at any post office.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. How do people learn English?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They are going to build a new supermarket next year.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. Where did you take these photographs?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. The policeman is questioning a murder suspect now.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. I will translate the instructions into French.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Has the council postponed the meeting?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

10. They were cleaning the room when I arrived.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

XVI. Active or passive? Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. There is somebody walking behind us. I think we (follow) __________.

2. Every time I print a document, the printer (break) __________ down.

3. Apples (say) __________ to be good for our health.

4. Hoa (bear) __________ in Hue but she (grow) _________ up in Hanoi.

5. “Is Thanh’s house still for sale?” – “No, it (sell) ________ since last month.”

6. The application form should (send) _________ today so that I (arrive) _________ the next day.

7. How _______ cakes (make) _______? _______ you (ever/ make) _______?

8. I (see) _______ an accident last night. Somebody (call) _______ an ambulance but nobody (injure) ________ so the ambulance (not/ need) ________.

9. “Who (invent) ________ the microphone?” “It (invent) ______ by D.E. Hughes in 1878.”

10. The printer (break) _______ down yesterday, but now it’s OK. It (work) _______ again; it (repair) _________.

11. The professor (give) __________________ a speech on history at the moment.

12. A research (do) ________________ by the professor for three years.

13. An English-speaking club (hold) ____________ in our school next year.

14. We (organize) __________________ a workshop on environment this weekend.

15. Something (do) ________________ in our city to improve living condition so far.

16. They (take) ________________ part in a contest last year.

17. We (go) ________________ home with you then. Do you agree?

18. Flowers (cut) ____________ in the morning to sell in the market.

XVII Fill in the missing words in the following passage.

This large flat is on the top floor of a five-storey modern block of flats (1) ______ a quiet part of the country. There (2) ______ two schools, a restaurant, and several shops nearby. Welton Station is only a (3) _______ hundred meters away. the flat has got (4) ______ large living-room, a dining-room, a modern kitchen, a large bedroom and two small bedrooms. (4) ______ is a bathroom with a shower, sink and toilet. The flat (6) ______ also got a small storeroom, and there is (7) _______ large verandah. The price is $44, 500, including carpets.

V. Read the following passage then answer the questions below.

People are fascinated by robots. Some of them look like mechanical dolls to play with. Most of them look like other machines of today’s high technology.

Today’s robots are simple- minded compared with the ones of the future. Researchers are now working on the sixth generation. These new robots will be able to do complex jobs. They will be able to take information from the environment. They will be able to see, using television cameras for eyes. They will be able to touch and hear. Some computers can already understand a limited vocabulary. Researches are trying to develop ones that can understand human speech. They will be able to understand voice commands and then respond.

1. Why are people fascinated by robots?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. How are today’s robots?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. What will the robots of the sixth generation be able to do?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. What kind of computers are researchers trying to develop?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

XVIII. Choose the correct prepositions in the blankets to fill in the blanks.

1. A Chinese official made paper _____ (of/ in/ from/ on) wood in 105.

2. The first papermaking machine was invented _____ (at/ in/ on/ from) the late 1700s _____ (from/ of/ by/ to) a Frenchman.

3. The factory foreman is showing them _____ (round/ to/ in/ into) the factory.

4. “What is this button _____ (in/ beside/ like/ for)?” – “It’s used to operate the machine.”

5. “Who(m) was the helicopter invented _____ (for/ of/ from/ by)?” – “Igor Sikorsky”

6. Don’t go away. come and stand _____ (besides/ inside/ beside/ next) me.

7. Cocoa butter is added, along ____ (to/ of/ with/ in) sugar, vanilla and milk.

8. Pour a little milk ____ (in/ from/ out/ into) my cup of coffer, please.

XIX. Make complete sentences, using the given cues.

1. Telephone/ invent/ Alexander Graham Bell/ 1876.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

2. Watching/ television/ consider/ most/ popular/ kind/ entertainment/ nowadays.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

3. After/ many/ experiments/ finally/ first/ successful/ flight/ make/ by/ Wright brothers.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Computers/ use/ more/ popular/ next century.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

5. Advanced technological/ achievements/ should/ apply/ all fields/ our life.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

6. My Son/ recognize/ world heritage/ 1999.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

7. French/ not/ teach/ our school.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

8. Mai/ give/ lot/ presents/ her last birthday.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

9. Rice/ not/ grow/ mountainous areas

…………………………………………………………………………………….

XX. Điền cụm từ với “for”, “since” hoặc “ago”.

1. The phone last rang at four o’clock. ~ So you’ve had no calls …………… ..?

2. I haven’t been to the dentist for ten years. ~ You last went to the dentist………………………?

3. I last saw Rita on Sunday. ~ Haven’t you seen her ……………….?

4. We’ve had six weeks without rain. ~ Yes, it hasn’t rained………………

5. It’s three years since Lisa got married. ~ Really? Has she been married………………?

6. It’s eight months since my sister had any work. ~ He lost his job……?

7. Mrs. Brown was taken ill three weeks ago. ~ You mean she’s been

ill……………………………, and nobody’s told me!

8. I got here an hour ago. ~ What! You mean you’ve been waiting ………………… an hour?

9- I have not seen him……………. he was 16

10- I’ve known him ……………. ages

11- Things have changed a lot…………….our previous meeting.

12- It’s been raining…………….four o’clock.

13- I’m sure he’s been watching us …………….we came in.

14- He’d been here…………….over an hour when we arrived.

15- I’ve been trying to fix this computer…………….early this morning.

16- He hasn’t had anything to eat…………….nearly a week.

17- It’s three years…………….he started learning German.

18- He’s been collecting stamps…………….the past twenty years.

19. Nobody has seen him…………….last Friday.

20. It has been foggy…………….some days.

21. He has been fishing…………….six o’clock.

22. They’ve been living in France …………….eight years.

23. The pilots have been on strike…………….two months.

24. We’ve had terrible weather…………….Saturday.

25. I’ve known Tom…………….1990.

26. We have been waiting for the bus…………….half an hour.

27. She hasn’t lost a match…………….April.

28. Things have changed…………….she’s become headmaster.

29. The police have been looking for him…………….a month.

30. Our dog has been ill…………….two days.

XXI. Khoanh tròn vào đáp án có câu trả lời đúng

1. It ______________ possible to save the earth if we don’t have actions right now.

A.is
B. will be
C. to be
D. is being

2. The USA has a population of about 304 million, and it’s the third ____________ country in the word.

A. smallest
B. largest
C. narrowest
D. highest.

3. _____________ is the most common natural disaster in your country ? – Snowstorms.

A. What
B. Where
C. How
D. Who

4. _______________ you ever been to any English speaking countries?

A. Do
B. Have
C .Were
D. Are

5. The teacher said _____________ a weak off on the occasion of the International Labor Day.

A. we will have
B. we didn’t have
C. we have
D. we would have

6. My father is fond _________________watching football matches on TV.

A. to
B. from
C. of
D. on

7. My sister has been living in Da Lat for two years; ________________, she has never been to Than Tho Lake.

A. however
B. although
C .if
D. because

8. If people didn’t throw rubbish in the street, it ________________attractive.

A. will look
B. would look
C. looked
D. was looking

9. It’s snowing. Would you like to _______________ on Saturday or Sunday ?

A. skiing
B. go to ski
C .go ski
D. go skiing

10. On Christmas Eve, most big cities, especially London are ______________ with coloured lights across the street and Christmas trees.

A. hang
B. put
C. made
D. decorated

XXII. Supply the correct tense or form of the verb in parentheses:

1. American ______________________ (celebrate) thanks giving Day on the fourth Thursday of November since 1864.

2. New Zealand ____________________(divide) into the North Island and the South Island.

3. It takes me two hours __________________ (do) my home work every day.

4. While she _________________(cry), a fairy appeared .

5. Students over fifteen might _________________ (bring) a phone to school.

XXIII. Read the following passage and put a word in the box in each of the numbered blanks:

information           by            invented              However             working

Nowadays a lot of important inventions are carried out by scientists (1)_______ _______for large industrial firm. (2)______________ ,there are still opportunities for other people to invent various things. In Britain, there is a weekly television program which attempts to show all the various devices which people have recently (3)___________ . The people organizing the program receive (4)______________about 700 inventions a year. New ideas can still be developed (5) _________ private inventors. However, it is important to consider these questions. Will it be wanted? Is it new?

1…………. 2………….. 3……………. 4………….. 5…………

XXIV. Choose the correct word A, B, C or D for each gap to complete the following passage :

What is the sky? Where is it? How high is it? They aren’t easy to (1)_________, are they?

Is the sky blue? The sky has no color. Is the sky full of air? We know that there is air around the (2)__________. When planes fly, they need air. Planes can’t fly very quickly because when they go higher the air gets (3)__________. If we go far away from the Earth, we (4)__________ there is no air.

Maybe we can answer some of our questions now. What’s the sky? (5)__________, where is it? It’s all around the world. They sky is a space. In this space, there is nothing besides the Sun, the Moon and all the stars.

1. A. answer B. ask C. think D. know

2. A. sun B. moon C. earth D. star

3. A. bigger B. heavier C. thinner D. smaller

4. A. know B. feel C. smell D. touch

5. A. But B. Even C. Or D. And

XXV. Read the following passage and do the tasks below :

Two of the most dangerous storms which affect America are hurricanes and tornadoes. They are very much feared by anyone who may live in the path of their destruction.

Every year homes are destroyed by their fury and often lives are lost. Most people who live near the coast are forced to evacuate their homes and to move to safer areas until the storm passes. Floods are caused along the coasts by both the heavy rain and a storm tide that is considerably above normal water level. The high winds, coastal flooding and heavy rains associated with a hurricane cause enormous damage.

Hurricanes usually develop between July and October. Once they hit land they carry tremendous power with driving rain and wind.

Tornadoes are violent low-pressured storm. These storms occur most often during the summer months and are noticeable by their strong wind and lack of rain. The sky turns black as dust is sucked up into the air, Tornadoes are capable of lifting quite heavy objects from the ground. They can pick up trees and cars right into the air and even uplift heavier objects such as homes and railway cars.

Both hurricanes and tornadoes cause millions of dollars worth of damage to life and property every year. Today they can be predicted more easily than in the past but they cannot be stopped or ignored.

A. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences:

1. What are two of the most dangerous storms which affect America?

A. Thunderstorms and hurricanes
B. Typhoons and thunderstorms.
C. Hurricanes and tornadoes
D. Hurricanes and typhoons

2. At which part of the year do hurricanes usually develop ?

A. July and August only
B. Between July and October
C. From the seventh to the ninth month.
D. All the year round.

B. Answer the questions:

1.What is the major similarity of both a hurricane and a tornado?

=>_________________________________________________________________________

2. When do tornadoes happen most often?

=>_________________________________________________________________________

3. Is it more difficult to predict about hurricanes and tornadoes today than in the past?

=>_________________________________________________________________________

XXVI. Rearrange the words and phrases given to make meaningful sentences.

1. Have/ ever/ been /you/ any /to/speaking/ English/ countries?

=>_________________________________________________________________________

2. The Statue /in /of /Liberty/ New York/ monument/ which /freedom /symbolises /is/ a/.

=>_________________________________________________________________________

3. The boss /me /how /asked/ speak/ I/ could/ languages/ many.

=>_________________________________________________________________________

4. When /get /we /everyone /a lot/ talks/ freely/ cheerfully /and/ together/.

=>_________________________________________________________________________

5. Fred/ feels/uncomfortable/ always /everyone/ family/ so /quiet /is /because /in/Ann’s.

=>________________________________________________________________________

XXVII. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the sentence before :

1. “I try to learn hard to pass the entrance exam”.

=>Nam said_________________________________________________________________

2. They have learnt English for four years.

=>English __________________________________________________________________

3. “What subject do you find the most difficult?’ My mother asked

=>My mother asked me _______________________________________________________

4. I don’t like to get up early and prepare breakfast on the cold winter days.

=>I hate ___________________________________________________________________

5. The laboratory in my school is now better equipped than some years ago.

=>Some years ago the laboratory_______________________________________________

XXVIII. Make sentences using the words and phrases given :

1. It/ be/ interesting/ go/ camping /friends/ the summer.

=>________________________________________________________________________

2. Where / be /you /when /the/ earthquake /begin/ yesterday?

=>________________________________________________________________________

3. How/ can/ you/ reduce/ waste /home?

=>________________________________________________________________________

4. There /be/ 70 /beaches/ in /Sydney/./ Bondi/ Beach / be / most/ famous/ of/ them.

=>________________________________________________________________________

5. She/ tell/ us/ shut/ door /but/ not /lock /it/ because/ she/ be / back/ soon.

=>________________________________________________________________________